A sacrament is an outward sign of inward grace Essay Example

A sacrament is an outward sign of inward grace Essay Example A sacrament is an outward sign of inward grace Essay A sacrament is an outward sign of inward grace Essay A sacrament is an outward sign of inward grace. Most Protestant Christians recognise seven sacraments, baptism and the Eucharist. The Catholic Church recognises seven sacraments. Sacraments are public actions by which Christians receive grace, that is, experience the power and love of God in their lives.The seven sacraments are Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance and reconciliation, anointing of the sick, Holy Orders and Matrimony.The seven sacraments for Catholics represent the high points of their lives and are closely related to the liturgy, the public worship of the church.The sacraments can also be seen as an expression of faith. When we are baptised we are given a new life. As we experience each sacrament we also experience Gods love for us.The original sacrament for Catholics is Jesus, who in his own life, showed what God is like. The church too is a sacrament because it continues to show Gods presence in the world.To emphasise on the on the Sacraments is to make a d istinctive feature of Catholic Christianity.Christians believe that the more sacraments we fulfil the deeper our faith becomes in God. Therefore our relationship in God deepens.To be catholic means having faith in God. Being in a Christian community means we must love one another, attend mass regularly and develop our relationship with God through prayer.Christianity is a sacramental religion where Catholics start their new life through Baptism and follow each sacrament as we develop our relationship with God. Our belief in the faith of the Church also develops. We go to get confirmed as a Christian later on in life so we can continue to follow God.Having faith in god is another thing being a Catholic is all about. Catholics have faith in God and sometimes put this faith into action by working for justice and peace. Some Catholics decide to stand up for something or preach to spread the Good News. When they do this they have faith that God is with them and is giving them the strengt h to do what they are doing.Baptism is a sign of Gods love. When we are baptised we are invited to join His family. It is our parents faith and love that brings us to baptism. When you are baptised we are turning away from sin. Humans are born with the tendency to sin so this is the life we want to reject.Jesus sets he example all Christians should follow. Baptism means Jesus identifies with us and we share in Christs life, His death and resurrection.John 3:5 Tells us that Jesus says No one can enter the Kingdom of God without being born of water and the spirit. This basically means that you must be baptised to enter the Kingdom of God.Romans 6:4 It tells us that because we have been baptised we, like Jesus, will live a new life. We are born again.Matthew 28: 18 20 -1 Connthias 12:13 This tells us that whoever you are or whatever religion you follow you are baptised into one body by the same spirit.Galatians 3:27 This tells us that when you are baptised, you are baptised in the union of Christ.Baptism usually takes place at the alter with the priest, the baby (or the one getting baptised) and the parents present. The priest tells the parents that in having your baby baptised they are accepting the responsibility of training him/her to practice the faith. The priest then asks the Godparents if they are willing to help do this.Each symbol used in Baptism is a sign of what is happening to the baptised person. They should then affect the way that person lives their life.Chrism oil is a symbol of being chosen for a special task in life. The anointing with Chrism after baptism is a reminder that the new Christian shares in the life of Jesus who was priest, prophet and King.In the early days of the church, new Christians were given a white garment to wear as a sign of their new life in which they rejected all sin. White is a colour associated with innocence and purity.Matthew said that white garment is an outward sign of Christian dignity.A candle is given to on e of the parents who light it from the great paschal candle, which represents the resurrection o Jesus. The ideal time for baptism is at the Easter Vigil, which celebrates the rising of Jesus from death to new everlasting life.Godparents are the spiritual guardians of the baptised. Baptism should affect the way they try to help guide children.Godparents, first and foremost, must be full members of the church. They cant be 11 for example because they would have to fulfil their promise of taking responsibility of Religious instruction. They have to train him/her to practice their faith. Young ones cannot carry out these promises. Usually there are 2 Godparents, a Godmother and a Godfather. They are seen as the Spiritual Guardians of the child and are given responsibilities when the child is baptised.In the earliest days of the church, the sponsors at the baptism of a child were the parents. But as the baptism of a child were the parents. But baptisms then were seen as old traditions.T hose days sponsors were called Spiritual Parents and their duty was to give instructions both before and after baptism and to be a guardian of the spiritual life of the baptised person. This is the origin of the term Godparent.Baptism is a sign of Gods love for us all of the uniqueness, sacredness and beauty in every human being. Baptism must then effect our attitude to life.Serving others had been an important part of Jesus message. Christians and non- Christians both do social work but non-Christians do it for something whereas Christians do it for someone. They do it for God. It is their love of God in action.The final Judgement tells us how Christians should live their lives. It says that God will divide peoples of all nations into two groups: those who served others and those who did not.He will tell them: I was hungry and you fed me, thirsty and you gave me a drink, stranger and you received me in your home, naked and you clothed me, sick and you took care of me, in prison an d you visited me. The righteous will ask when they did all this and God will reply, whenever you did this for others you did it for me.This is how God and Jesus expect us to serve others.The Christian principle serve other comes directly into conflict with the principle of obey your government. One dramatic example of this comes from the Latin American Christians.In the 1960s many countries in Latin America were military dictatorships whose regimes were often brutal and corrupt. They ignored human rights, took the best land and industries for their own profit and murdered their own citizens. Their economic policies made the poor poorer and the rich richer. Anyone who questioned the rulers were branded communists and often killed.Christians in these countries found it difficult to believe the government were put there by God and they also found it equally as difficult to serve others without challenging the government.The situation of poor people has not changed much, but out of this situation developed a way of thinking about God and religion which became known as Liberation Theology. This sees God as the liberator who sets people free, who sides with the poor and who hates injustice.A Christian who said:When I give food tot he poor,They call me a saint.When I ask why the poor have no food,They call me communist.Is trying to emphasise that the poor welcome the generosity of others but those in power take it as an offence.An individual person may think that any personal effort to give or send aid is virtually useless. The Catholic Fund for Overseas Development (CAFOD) is a voluntary service that much relief from poverty is given. It is the United Kingdom unit of Caritas International. It was set up by the bishops of England and Wales in 1962 to express the concern of the Catholic Church for overseas development. It is funded from the private charity of people who feel that they cannot allow world organisations, agencies of the United Nations and governments to be the only source of help for the developing Nations.A CAFOD group in a school or parish learns about the problems facing the poor, and they raise funds to support the self-help projects initiated by CAFOD. A committee of parishioners will sometimes act as a link between CAFOD and the whole parish.The projects of CAFOD are linked with community development, food production, water supplies and origination, preventative medicine, vocational training and adult education.Particular projects may include a village well: a rural dispensary; a mother and child nutrition scheme; a latrine programme in a slum. These projects aim at developing a healthy community.CAFOD operates because it believes in the basic equality of all people in the sight of God. Human dignity demands a reasonable standard of living. Everyone has the same basic needs of fuel, clothing and shelter. All who have been baptised share in the risen life of Christ and they try to bring to The Good News to he poor as Jesus did . CAFOD is a way of being with Christ ho is hungry, thirsty and in need.CAFOD is carrying out the baptismal promises of helping by putting it into action.Abortion is not mentioned in the Bible, but from its earliest history the Church consistently opposed it. This remained the attitude of most Christians until the 1960s.Other Christians maintained and defended the Churchs traditional teaching on abortion. In 1968 Pope Paul VI published his authoritative statement Humanae Vitae (on Human Life). It restated as an absolute rule for all Catholics that abortion was wrong.In the 1960s many old ideas were reconsidered. Some church leaders felt that traditional teaching on abortion was not useful in the modern world because unqualified people, at great risk to the mothers health was carrying out dangerous, illegal abortions in unhealthy conditions. Some Christians argue that the most moral thing to do was to resolve the situation.In 1970 Pope Paul VI said that abortion had been considered t o be murder since the first centuries of the Church, and nothing permits it to be considered otherwise.Many Christians would feel it was important to show compassion for the woman whatever her decision. This would mean showing that they cared for her and would support her whether or not they agreed with her actions.Most people felt that life is valuable but Christianity teaches that every person is made in Gods image and all life is a gift from God and therefore is sacred.Baptism is important because its a sign of Gods love. When we are baptised, we are invited to join His family. It is the faith and love of our parents that brings us to baptism. When you are baptised we are turning away from our tendency to sin.The origin of baptism for Christians is the baptism of Jesus. It marked a new beginning in His life. God declared Him to be His son and He received the Holy Spirit. A person who is baptised becomes a child of God through the gift of the Holy Spirit. Baptism can shape the way we think and change our lives through serving others. This was an important part of Jesus message. They may want to support such organisation like CAFOD. All those who have been baptised share in the risen life of Christ and try to bring the Good News to the poor as Jesus did. CAFOD are carrying out the baptismal promises of helping others by putting them into action. By supporting them we are doing the same.The Catholic Church believes that euthanasia is wrong, that life is sacred and only God can make decisions over death. The Pope said euthanasia was contributing to a profound change in the way life and relationships between people are considered and called it a grave violation in the Law of God.Catholics realise that in practice decisions on euthanasia are not straightforward. For example, Catholics accept that it is right to ease the suffering of the terminally ill, even when the effect of using pain relieving drugs may be to end the patients life sooner than if they were left to suffer. They do not see this as euthanasia, because no one is changing what would naturally happen in the situation.Christians through the ages have found that the grace of God sustains heart and mind to the end in difficult situations and so can Christians today who face painful or drawn out death. A Priest should always refuse the sacraments to those who do not practice their faithFaith is a gift from God and it demands a living response. It is trust in Gods love care. This is what it means to practice the faith and this must be clarified in order to discuss the statement.Faith is our personal relationship with God whom Christians practice through prayer, awareness of the spiritual in life and the living out of gospel values.We practice the faith when we follow the commandments of Christ, which are a summary of the Ten Commandments.We practice the faith when we serve others, when we show compassion for those who suffer and work to remove the causes of injustice especially in t he developing world.So after looking at this we can ask ourselves if the priest uses only Mass attendance as a measure of practice of the faith?I think that a Priest should never refuse the sacraments to those who dont go to church. If he has doubts about the persons faith then, being a priest, he should help them and guide them. He should remember that Jesus rejected nobody and the priest should look at His example as a guideline.We should also remember that God is not limited tot he Sacraments He loves all His people. Priests should also remember that a child cannot start his/her Christian journey if he refuses Baptism. The reputation of the parents should not be taken into account when it comes to the decision of whether or not to baptise the child.Although the child cannot make up his/her mind on their own at their young age, their parents attitude tot he faith should not be burdened upon the child.So by looking at this we can question, also, whether a person who is not willing to give thanks to God in the Eucharist want the gift of life for his family.The Priest should explore the motives of the parents. To make his decision he has to have reasonable certainty that there is honesty and freedom in the intentions of the parents as they promise to bring up their child in the faith. Faith is a living relationship with God.Other Christians, who believe that a priest should always refuse the sacraments to those who do not practice their faith, can argue why, if they dont attend mass, they should receive the sacraments. Many people would agree with this even if they werent Christians. We can argue that although, for some reason, they dont attend mass they may want their child tot receive the sacraments and the Godparents appointed at the Baptismal Ceremony to carry out their promises and bring up the child in the faith.When the parents want their child baptised they must understand exactly what they are taking on. If this understanding is not there the priest m ay have to refuse baptism or at least postpone it.The priest may have to look at the needs of the community and would have to be careful that refusal did not stigmatise a family.The influence of grandparents or close friends of the family may ensure that the child will be brought up in the faith.The family may need special consideration. This is where the Parish Community may support the weak faith of a parent who is trying to bring up a family in the love and knowledge of Jesus.It must be evident that there is a personal relationship with the Lord before the priest can accept a request for Baptism.So in conclusion, we can say that we know God is not bound by the sacraments. A child Baptised and brought up outside the life of the church can go on to live a life of faith.Those parents who have doubts or do not attend church regularly should find support and help from the church community not refusal.

Argument Essay Writing

Argument Essay Writing Argument Essay Writing Argument Essay Writing The below tips are written by writer working at to assist you with argumentative essay writing. The most difficult parts of argument essay writing are introduction and conclusion. Introduction focuses reader's attention on the essay problems, raises key questions, indicates contradiction, and reveals different aspects of the topic. As to essay conclusion: the most vivid idea must be not in conclusion, but in the body of your argument essay writing. The main idea must summarize your judgment about the topic. For example, the topic "We have no time to become ourselves" suggests that the student devotes his essay to the problem of self-knowledge, self-consciousness, self-perfection, and puts forward existential problems of human being. In other words, turns to the individual development. Other argument essay topics may include the problems of the ratio of material and spiritual needs of humans and contradictions between the two. This means that the extracted for the draft an d then included in the final text, concepts, terminology, examples, quotes, arguments must be in some way related to this problem. The structure of essays is defined by the requirements. The author's thoughts on argument essay writing topics are described in the form of short ideas (Is). The idea should be supported by evidence, so after the idea followed arguments (As). Arguments are facts, the phenomenon of social life, events, life situations and life experiences, the scientific evidence, references to the views of scientists and others. It is better to lead two arguments in favor of each idea: one argument seems unconvincing while three arguments can "reload" argument essay writing performed in the genre based on figurativeness and brevity. Thus, argument essay writing acquires ring structure (number of ideas and arguments depends on the essay topic, outline, and the logic of the development of thought): Introduction Thesis statement Ideas, arguments Ideas, arguments Ideas, arguments Conclusion Remember introduction and the conclusion should focus attention on the essay problem (raised in the introduction and summarized in the conclusion). Writing Argument Essay Writing an essay you can apply different methods of argumentation. For example: Philosophical appraisal. This allows you to understand and to distinguish problems, independently express your own views. Awareness of the problem and attempt to solve it. You should find the problem in the topic and argue its possible solution. Identification and comparison of the concepts, authors' positions, viewpoints, opinions. (It is very convenient to form the results of work in the tables.) Obviously, essay writing supposes personally-oriented approach to learning. The criteria of judging are expression of own ideas, argumentation, awareness of the problem and self-dependence on solution. Placing an order at .com, you get professionally written argument essay. We deliver only custom written papers and we are never late with delivery. Moreover, we offer refunds for the missed deadlines. We appreciate the trust of every client and we are able to meet the requirements of all tutors.

Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Theory - Essay Example Correspondingly, theory is science is a logical and mathematical explanation, a framework describing the relations between phenomena, a set of universally true laws and principles, a testable, self-consistent model of reality, derived from the systematic observation of natural phenomena and conditions and capable of predicting future events and development of things. Ta scientific theory can always be verified by further investigations, be it an experiment or an empirical observation. The word theory comes from Greek theoria, which means ‘speculation, contemplation.’ It also can be traced back to the word theion, meaning divine thing, so that theory means contemplation on the divine organization of the nature. A scientific theory is formulated through scientific method. A scientist makes some hypothesis on the basis of observations, predicting possible outcomes. Then predictions are tested experimentally. New observations can confirm the hypothesis or refute it. Depending on whether the hypothesis is confirmed or refuted, it can be adjusted or redefined. In case the old theory is not confirmed within a new context, a new theory can be proposed (p.8). Often numerous hypotheses are bound within one theory. Theories deal with broader sets of universals than hypotheses. There may be several theories about the same part of reality, all of them revealing some truth. However, one theory may be superior to other competitive theories. Then it becomes a framework within which theoretical facts and observations are explained and predicted (Dodig – Crnkovic 2001, p.8). According to Karl Popper (1963) a scientific theory has the following characteristics: 1) It can be easily verified and confirmed. 2) Confirmations are sound if the prediction is risky and there have been expected an event able to refute the theory. 3) A scientific theory always forbids some things to happen. 4) A scientific theory is always refutable by some fact of event.

Orginzation change in puplic sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Orginzation change in puplic sector - Essay Example According to the research, it is evident that, the organizations in public sector required more sustained and deeper change process (Bell, 2008, p.22). It is identical from the case that, due to several reasons, such as inadequate attention to several organization systems, absence of change management competence and flawed guiding theory of change; the organizations within the public sector is failing to implement successful change process. Inadequate independent variable understanding within the management is affecting the change process in the public sector organizations. Kurt Lewin’s organizational change theory can be applied in this study to propose an effective change process to the public sector organizations. The objective of the study is to evaluate the opinions of the authors regarding the change process and theories in the public sector organizations. Critical Evaluation Several authors have presented different views about the implementation of the organizational ch ange process. This part will critically evaluate the opinions of hose authors and will find out strengths, weakness and negative and positive points on the opinions. Lau, Osborne and Gaebler have argued that, due to lack of focus of government leaders, the organizations of public sector are not able to implement the change process effectively. ... Change management is a key competitive strategy that needs to be implemented for a specific period of time. Moreover, it is true that lack of understanding of independent variable within the management can affect the change process. Implementation of Change process Before applying organizational change process, it is important to understand the reason behind change and effectiveness of the change process (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2010, p.86). Depending upon the present situation of the organization in the public sectors, application of the Kurt Lewin’s organizational change process can be effective. Kurt Lewin’s organizational change process This process includes three stages, such as unfreezing, refreezing and change. Unfreeze process refers as the preparation of organization change process. Refreeze stands for shaping up the change process. Move or change includes the effectiveness of the organizational communication process (Appendix). Unfreezing In this stage the pub lic sector organizations need to determine and understand the change process. An in-depth research work is necessary by the consultants in order to implement the change process (Buelens, Sinding, Waldstrom, Krietner and Kinicki, 2010, p.98). The organization should implement this change process in the domain of manufacturing procedure, domain of training programmes and development. Effective unfreezing process will help the public sector organizations to develop overall communication system and organizational structure. The top level management of the organizations should involve in this change process along with the appointed consultants. Refreezing In this stage, the appointed consultant should anchor the change process into the culture of public

St. Thomas Aquinas Essay Example for Free

St. Thomas Aquinas Essay The Five Ways of the Summa Theologica was written by St. Thomas Aquinas. In this writing Aquinas argues against two objections of the existence of a God and provides five arguments in which he believes to solidify the idea that God does exist, further disproving these objections. Aquinas’s first argument for the existence of God is that of motion. To Aquinas, everything is in motion and motion must start from somewhere. He explains that nothing can be moved without something previously causing that movement and thus proves that God is real because God is the initial mover. This argument, however, does not prove the existence of God. If we were to think that this argument proves anything it would be that we do not know the initial mover nor do we know what actually causes these motions. God in this sense is used as an answer to a question that we do not really know the answer to. Aquinas’s second argument for the existence of God is based on cause and effect. Aquinas’s argument is that there is no effect without a cause; God being the cause and the universe being the effect. He also believes that this is not an infinite possibility and that there must be a start and an end and without the middle there will be no beginning or end. Again, he offers an argument that in no way proves the existence of God. Aquinas appears to be filling in the lack of answers with the existence of God and not rebutting the holes that his argument leaves open. When I turn on the light switch in my room, I am essentially the first mover and I am the creator of that light. Does this make me God because I wield the power of light at my fingertips or are there better explanations of how the light came to be? Aquinas’s third argument is simply that nothing can exist from nothing; therefore, there had to be something in existence to create this world and that was God. This argument is based on the pure assumption that nothing comes from nothing and that something can cause something. For one to assume such a thing would be completely absurd because this lacks any evidence. Similarly, Aquinas’s argument assumes a creator and fails to give adequate proof of this creator’s existence. The fourth argument that Aquinas presents is that of gradation. He states that all things have a minimum and a maximum or the worst and the best and uses the example of fire—fire is the maximum of heat. He further concludes that all beings are caused by something and that there must be a greatest of that being of which it was created by and that being is God. â€Å"Therefore there must be something which is to all beings the cause of their being, goodness, and every other perfection. † This argument explains why there can be evil in the world because God is the most good of us all and we are lesser than God. What this argument fails to describe is the idea of what is greater than God. Would there not be a more powerful, more good, more perfect being in which created God? The fifth and final argument that Aquinas presents is that all beings are on a path and lack the knowledge of that path. Thus all beings are guided by a greater being with more knowledge who directs them. Regardless if God were to exist or not, all beings are bound to die. Is that the path that God is directing us toward? There are plenty of people in the world who do not believe in the existence of God and they are not immortal, their lives still come to an end. To a non believer or skeptic living a life without guidance or acceptance of God will die just as that of a believer in God. So if God were to show us the way to the end, how can the two parties reach the same ending, one with guidance and one without? While Aquinas does make some very good points on why one should or does believe in the existence of God, he in no why proves anything of the sort. His assertions are all based on the presumption that there is a God and that he is the answer to all things without solid proof.

Stonehenge Essays -- British History, Neolithic People

One of the most mysterious places in the world, Located in Wiltshire, England in a wide open grassy field sits Stonehenge a lard circle of randomly placed rocks. Sometime around 1300 BC the first stage of construction began, many experts argue the different times of when Stonehenge was constructed (Historykings, 2011). The most controversial thing about Stonehenge is its use. There are many thoughts of what Stonehenge was used for, some thoughts may be based on their religious and spatial beliefs. That Stonehenge was used for different reasons, depending on their religious beliefs they may have different views. Alien landing place or a burial ground? Could Stonehenge have been used as either of these or was it astronomical calendar for people of ancient times. Till this day many scientist still do not know exactly what Stonehenge was used for. After a lot of research scientist found evidence that Stonehenge was built in six different stages (Historykings, 2011). Stonehenge was abandon for nearly five hundred years or more in between each different stage of building. Stage one of Stonehenge began in 3000 BC and the completion was in 1520 BC, however it’s still changing ever day (Hayes, 2011). Stage one of Stonehenge was built by native Neolithic people way before any modern things could have been used to help moving these huge bluestones. The Neolithic people dug a circle three-hundred feet in diameter; these ditches were known as Aubrey holes. These holes were discovered in 1666 by a man named John Aubrey. Scientist found evidence that the Aubrey holes that were dug the ditch with deer antlers which were found in the ditches as well as very old cow remains that are centuries old. The Aubrey holes were twenty f... ...from weathering; however no construction has been done to it. Some bluestone has also been taken during the medieval times by the Romans. During the 16th century George Villagers dug a lard deep hole within Stonehenge looking for treasure. However he didn’t find any treasure but he found ashes and pieces of burn bone. Also many stones now have holes drilled in them from the river side project conducting test on the rocks. Recent evidence found shows that the ditches or Aubrey holes dug were filled with wooden post that help welsh blue stones that were part of the cremation process. Riverside project also found the area around the holes and the circular bank contained one hundred fifty to two hundred forty cremation remains. These remains found closer to the Stonehenge may have been people of higher social status feeling that they were to be closer to the monument.

Gel Electrophoresis

Laura Gallagher Partner: Rob Einersen Biology Period D Mr. Alvarez 15 February 2013 Gel Electrophoresis Introduction: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis is a process in which the process of determining whether a strand of DNA is either positively or negatively charged. The container in which the gel is stored has a negative and positive side; whichever side the DNA molecules go to means the DNA is charged the opposite way. (Ware, Lunte, Gardiner)For example if a DNA molecule goes to the negative side that means that the DNA is positively charged and vice versa.The agarose gel is composed of a fine powder substance, water and a buffer solution. The solution must be boiled to its boiling point then you have to pour the solution into a casting mold there also needs to be a comb that leaves six holds in the mold. It must be left in the casting mold for about a half an hour for the gel to solidify. Electrophoresis has a few different uses such as establishing the size of a strand or molecule of DNA or RNA. (Bowen) It can also be used to find out family members or criminals or tests of that manner. This is all possible because of the DNA’s charge and the charge of the molds.Although if a DNA molecule is too big it is not going to be able travel fast through the so it is better for the experiment if the DNA molecules are small. To get the DNA small restriction enzymes are used. (Roberts) Restriction enzymes cut specific DNA molecules in half which helps with the travel through the gel. Before the electrophoresis machine was developed people used to use gravity to separate DNADNA molecules are going to be negative and smaller molecules are going to move farther than the larger molecules. The purpose of this lab is to learn how to create an agarose gel and properly load a well in an agarose gel.The purpose is also to learning how to use electrophoresis equipment and how to analyze the results of DNA electrophoresis. Methods and Materials: Start off, by gathering all of the necessary materials for the beginning which is 1. 2 mL of gel buffer in one graduated cylinder, in a separate graduated cylinder58. 8 mL of water and 0. 48 g of agarose powder. Next take an Erlenmeyer flask and mix all three of the substances, place the flask on a hot plate and keep swooshing the mixture in the flask. Repeat that step until the liquid in the hot plate becomes clear, make sure that the solution does not boil.Let the solution sit until it is lukewarm. Now, the molding tray should be prepared by taping off the sides with painters tape so no liquid can escape. Place the comb in the designated slot in the molding tray and pour the agarose solution into the mold tray. Now, take a graduated cylinder and pour in 8 mL of the buffer solution and 400 mL of water, then, pour it into the gel box. After the gel solidifies, with extreme caution, remove the painters tape and comb. Next, take the mold tray and place it on the table; now, take six disposable pipettes and the colo red dye from you teacher and fill each pipette with a different color.After each pipette has a different color, empty the pipette not too far in or too close to the surface of each well. Next, place the mold tray in the gel box, close the lid, and plug it in for about a half an hour. After the half an hour is up, take a couple pictures of the mold tray and the results that you saw. Results: Figure 1 Figure 2 As you see in figure 1, the dye pigments have been placed in each well and it is not perfect some of the dye have gotten out and leaked out on the top of the gel.That is okay though because the experiment was still a success because the dye pigments did move with the DNA molecules as you can see in figure 2. The dye pigments in all of the wells except for the well at the very top, all moved towards the positive side of the tray. The well at the very top contained positively charged DNA so that DNA started to move towards the negative side of the tray. Discussion: For the most pa rt, my hypothesis was correct, I was correct about the smaller particles moving further than the larger particles. I was correct and incorrect when I said that The DNA molecules are going to be negative. I as correct because five out of six were negative, although there was one that was positive so it did not go in the same direction as the other five. DNA’s direction is only influenced by one factor, which is whether the DNA is negatively or positively charged. This directly affects why the DNA moved the positive pole because DNA is negative so due to attraction it goes to the positive side of the pole. When a molecule is moving its rate of length and speed correlates with its size, if a molecule of DNA is large, it is going to be harder for it to move so it would be much easier for a small molecule of DNA to move across the gel.You can the molecules of DNA moving because they are dyed with the dye pigments. Electrophoresis causes the smaller DNA molecules to move further be cause it is easier for the positive charge to pull smaller pieces of DNA. Though, for this to happen, the power has to be turned on. Once the power is turned on it also turns on each end’s charge on each side of the tray so the DNA is attracted to that side of the tray. Most of the DNA the molecules carried a negative charge. A negative charge is carried because those molecules went towards the positive pole.Although those few molecules carried a positive charge so they went to the negative pole. The banding patterns in the gel are determined by the size of the DNA molecule. It can be interpreted as some of the DNA molecules weren’t broken down as small as others. Scientists use the number of nucleotides in one sample and it is compared to another blood sample. All of the similarities and differences add up. Also the sequences of the bases in a chain of DNA. In many murder investigations, DNA is used to find the culprit. Such as the case of James Anagnos, James was bea ten and stabbed to death in 1977 in his bar. NBC) James was holding a strand of hair that belonged to his murderer. Three decades later they compared the DNA is the strand of hair to a man named Frank Wright, it was a match. It didn’t serve any justice though, because Wright died in 2002. This is similar to the case of Priscilla Ann Blevins. Priscilla’s remains were found off an interstate and they were stored in a facility and kept under the name â€Å"Jane Doe†. (Lohr) Blevins’ genetic information was entered into a computer and it matched up with â€Å"Jane Doe† and was later confirmed with dental records.DNA helped to resolve this 37 year old cold case just like it did for the 1993 murder of Alie Berrelez. Alie was a five year old girl who was sitting in her apartment complex eating pizza when she was kidnapped. (Curry) Alie’s remains were found four days later stashed next to a creek. Nick Stofer was the main suspect but they couldnâ₠¬â„¢t arrest him because they didn’t have enough evidence against him. When this crime happened there was no such thing as DNA testing so there was no way they could prove it was him. In 2011, they compared DNA from Alie’s under to Nick Stofer and it was a match.Again Stofer died before he could stand trial, he died in 2001. Bibliography B. R. Ware,  Susan Lunte,  Kathleen Gardiner, 2012, â€Å"Electrophoresis,† in AccessScience,  ©McGraw-Hill Education, Retrieved from http://www. accessscience. com/content. aspx? searchStr=Electrophoresis&id=226400 Bowen R. , 2000, â€Å"Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA†, in Colostate, Retrieved from http://arbl. cvmbs. colostate. edu/hbooks/genetics/biotech/gels/agardna. html Richard Roberts, 2012, â€Å"Restriction enzyme,† in AccessScience,  ©McGraw-Hill Education, Retrieved from http://www. accessscience. com/content. aspx? earchStr=restriction+enzymes&id=584150 2010, â€Å"Three Decade Old Murder M ystery Solved Using DNA† , in NBC California, retrieved from http://www. nbclosangeles. com/news/local/Three-Decade-Old-Murder-Mystery-Solved-Using-DNA-101944298. html Lohr D. , â€Å"After 37 Years, Priscilla Ann Blevins' Disappearance Solved Using DNA†, Huffington Post, Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/11/01/priscilla-ann-blevins_n_2059155. htmlCurry C. , 2011, â€Å"Cold Case of Murdered 5-Year-Old Alie Berrelez Solved†, ABC News, retrieved from http://abcnews. go. com/US/cold-case-year-murdered-1993-solved-dna/story? id=14510785

Levittown Experiment

Levittown project was taken up in the U.S. after the end of Second World War, with the aim of providing mass housing facilities to people in the wake of increasing urbanization and problems of accommodating large population in limited urban area (Friedman. 1995). The first of Levittown apartments were constructed on Long Island, New York and they symbolized the modern trends of urbanization and housing developments (Clapson. 2003). This paper shall study the impact of Levittown project on trends of further urbanization and analyze the aesthetics of design and development involved in it. American urban housing system was not in a very good state at the end of Second World War. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers had started to return back to the mainland, filled with the dream of better and improved life (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). Euphoric and buoyed by a hard fought and historic win, where U.S had established its military supremacy in the world, these people had great dreams and aspirations to continue in the legacy of that supremacy. This aspiration manifested itself most prominently in their demand for housing infrastructure, built with modern age planning, design, and latest infrastructure: houses that could symbolize U.S’s great power stature and their own triumph in being a part of this transition. Meanwhile the Congress announced special housing loans for returning war veterans where they could get loans on zero down-payment and little mortgage. Suddenly there was a great boom in the demand of urban housing, compared to which the available apartments fell drastically short (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). Millions of war veterans and citizens were homeless or living in makeshift houses looking expectedly upon government to provide them with affordable houses (Jackson. 1985). However, the strong private construction lobby was pressuring Congress to get out of the housing business, but the past record of private housing industry was patchy and they were not expected to live up to demand of providing millions of houses on affordable prices in a quick time (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000; Clapson. 2003). Abraham Levitt, a prominent builder, understood the importance of providing housing to people of every income range and he responded to the situation by constructing rows of identical four room apartments at Long Island, New York,that were offered to veteran war soldiers for only $60 a month (Jackson. 1985; Clapson. 2003). Levittown, the mass housing facility designed and constructed by Levitts, was vehemently criticized by architects for producing homogenous and suffocating environment and being antithetical to lofted architectural principles (Jackson. 1985). But the critics ignored the fact that, Levitt could not incorporate the lofty and stylist architectural designs that were hallmark of most of Victorian style villas and bungalows and yet produce houses on mass scale, in quick time and provide them for sale at most affordable prices. His aim was to construct the best houses at least cost to provide most economical housing. The fact was that Levitt had successfully fulfilled the demands and dreams of many Americans of owning their own house. Debate, Design and Impact of Levittown To fully appreciate the significance of Levittown, it must be seen in context of the great housing demand of the period 1945-46, the intense effort of private construction giants to force the government to abandon its idea of affordable and mass housing which could seriously jeopardize the corporate game plan of selling expensive houses and flats (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). There was intense public debate in U.S. around the issue and the corporate construction house tried to discredit mass scale housing by comparing it to slums and hotbed of communism and crime (Jackson. 1985). Despite the well organized and orchestrated campaign against mass housing, public opinion did not waver much, and the expectations for large scale affordable housing remained a public issue (Baxandall and Ewen, 2000). People required housing, and they expected it was their right to get a decent home. High architectural designs and lofted aesthetics meant nothing to them if they resulted in homes that they could look, admire, but could not own. Against this real challenge, Lewitt and Sons took upon themselves to meet the affordable housing demand by assuming equally pragmatic approach. Levitt used special techniques and architectural designs to keep the cost of production at lowest and speed of construction at maximum. He divided entire construction procedure of houses in 26 separate steps that required professional prefabricated components. This approach greatly reduced the construction time. Many of the building components such as nails, concrete blocks, lumber and electrical appliances were procured by Levitt and sons themselves, further minimizing the cost (Friedman. 1995). The method of Levitt was so successful that by 1949Â   the first 2000 planned houses by Levitt were ready to be sold and occupied .. The first of Levitt apartment constructed on Long Island came to be known as Levittown and although they were described as drab, unimaginative and common by critics, they served their purpose of providing millions of American with their own house (Friedman. 1995). Alfred Levitt recognized his own achievement in describing himself as Henry Ford of American housing industry, where he was producing houses at assembly line speed (Friedman. 1995). Levitt also successfully warded off the criticism of his uniform Cape-Cod style of housing by mixing his next colonies with Cape-Cods, Rancher and Colonial style houses, that ranged from $ 5500 to $ 14500 (Jackson. 1985; Clapson. 2003). Levittown were constructed in New Jersey and Pennsylvania as well, with equal success and revolutionizing effect on community living and development. Although attempts were made to associate them with low class life, and blandness of taste, as the houses took the character of their owners who modified and transformed them, each of them emerged as a singular entity that was precious to their owner. Conclusion The impact of Levit’s design had far reaching effect on construction and design of further mass scale housing projects not only in U.S but in other countries as well. Levitt’s designing innovation and successful efforts to construct affordable housing had given millions of not so well-to-do Americans their first opportunity of realizing a dream, secure their present, and lay the groundwork of building a strong future. Reference Avi Friedman. 1995. The Evolution of Design Characteristics During the Post-Second World War Housing Boom: The Us Experience. Journal of Design History. Volume: 8. Issue: 2. Rosalyn Baxandall and Ewen, Elizabeth. 2000. Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened. Basic Books. New York. Kenneth T. Jackson. 1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. Oxford University Press. New York. Mark Clapson. 2003. Suburban Century: Social Change and Urban Growth in England and the USA. Berg. New York. Â   Â  

Why It Took So Long For Hamlet To Kill Claudius essays

Why It Took So Long For Hamlet To Kill Claudius essays Why did it take so long for Hamlet to kill Claudius? The Theatrical play Hamlet by William Shakespeare is quite possibly one of the best plays ever created. Hamlet, a struggling prince, is a very influential. Many arguments are formed around one of his many problems and successes. One of those arguments is: Why does it take so long for Hamlet to kill King Claudius? The answer to this is Hamlet didnt kill Claudius so swiftly because of his little respect for Claudius, his forced honour towards Claudius, and his feeling of being absolutely sure of himself. In Shakespearean times, respect is strictly enforced, and used towards the elderly, and Kings. One example of this is how Ophelia obeys her fathers command to end her relationship with Hamlet (I, iii, 135). Unlike Ophelia, Hamlet has little respect or possibly none for Claudius. Claudius isnt Hamlets father. If Hamlet was to show respect towards Claudius it would be like surrendering himself to him. Hamlet would never complete his goal given to him from his dead father. Hamlet kills Polonius behind the curtain in his mothers closet and says, Nay I know not, is it the king? (III, iiii, 28) He shows no compassion or remorse for his actions. In his rage he struck whoever was behind the curtain, blinded by his own rage towards Claudius. In the same scene (III, iiii, 104) A King of shreds and patches! he mocks Claudius. Translated, a King of shreds and patches is what clowns wear. Hamlet is stating a metaphor comparing Claudius to a clown saying that Claudius is a clown, or a fool. Throughout the whole play Hamlet taunts Claudius due to his lack of respect. In every act Hamlet always has some little comment to taunt Claudius. In the end, when Hamlet kills Claudius he feels no regret for his actions, due to his lack of respect. Hamlet is brought up in royalty, learni ...

Positive vs. Normative Analysis

Positive vs. Normative Analysis While economics is largely an academic discipline, it is quite common for economists to act as business consultants, media analysts, and advisers on government policy. As a result, its very important to understand when economists are making objective, evidence-based statements about how the world works and when they are making value judgments about what policies should be enacted or what business decisions should be made. Positive Analysis Descriptive, factual statements about the world are referred to as positive statements by economists. The term positive isnt used to imply that economists always convey good news, of course, and economists often make very, well, negative-positive statements. Positive analysis, accordingly, uses scientific principles to arrive at objective, testable conclusions. Normative Analysis On the other hand, economists refer to prescriptive, value-based statements as normative statements. Normative statements usually use factual evidence as support, but they are not by themselves factual. Instead, they incorporate the opinions and underlying morals and standards of those people making the statements. Normative analysis refers to the process of making recommendations about what action should be taken or taking a particular viewpoint on a topic. Examples of Positive vs. Normative The distinction between positive and normative statements is easily shown via examples. The statement: The unemployment rate is currently at 9 percent. is a positive statement, since it conveys factual, testable information about the world. Statements such as: The unemployment rate is too high.The government must take action in order to reduce the unemployment rate. are normative statements, since they include value judgments and are of a prescriptive nature. Its important to understand that, despite the fact that the two normative statements above are intuitively related to the positive statement, they cannot be logically inferred from the objective information provided. (In other words, they dont have to be true given that the unemployment rate is at 9 percent.) How to Effectively Disagree With an Economist People seem to like disagreeing with economists (and, in fact, economists often seem to enjoy disagreeing with one another), so its important to understand the distinction between positive and normative in order to disagree effectively. To disagree with a positive statement, one must bring other facts to the table or question the economists methodology. In order to disagree with the positive statement about unemployment above, for example, one would have to make the case that the unemployment rate isnt actually 9 percent. One could do this either by providing different unemployment data or by performing different calculations on the original data. To disagree with a normative statement, one can either dispute the validity of the positive information used to reach the value judgment or can argue the merits of the normative conclusion itself. This becomes a more murky type of debate  since there is no objective right and wrong when it comes to normative statements. In a perfectly organized world, economists would be pure scientists who perform only positive analysis and exclusively convey factual, scientific conclusions, and policymakers and consultants would take the positive statements and develop normative recommendations. In reality, however, economists often play both of these roles, so its important to be able to distinguish fact from opinion, i.e. positive from normative.

Marketing Mix being used for the 2012 Olympic Games in London Coursework

Marketing Mix being used for the 2012 Olympic Games in London - Coursework Example Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 4 2.0 Discussion ................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Marketing Mix ........................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Product ................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Price ....................................................................................................... 5 2.1.3 Place ......................................................................................................... 5 2.1.4 Promotion ................................................................................................. ... fact that London’s successful and ambitious bid for the 2012 Olympics was to a great extent dependant on the commitment of hosting inspiring as well as spectacular Olympics for both London and the world. The pivotal objective of the organizers of these games is to connect the young people and varied social segments in the UK with the inspirational potential of sports (The London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympics Games Ltd 2010). The other paramount objective of the organizing committee is to retain the commercial and emotive appeal of the Olympic 2012 brand, which is so central to the objective of funding these games (London 2012: Online). 2.0 Discussion It goes without saying that the organizers of London 2012 are affiliating to a successful and effective set of marketing tools to give way to just the right marketing mix required to achieve the marketing objectives envisaged by them in the context of the target market (Kotler 2003, p. 15). 2.1 Marketin g Mix 2.1.1 Product The organizers of London 2012 are to a great extent relying on the established brand appeal of Olympic Games to cash on its popularity amongst the youth sans race, gender and social affiliations. A plethora of related brand building activities like parading the 2012 mascots Wenlock and Mandeville across UK, hosting the London 2012 Festival featuring artists from around the world, actively involving the young people and children across communities in the actual management and casting of games and organizing the London Prepares Series hosting world class athletes at the brand new and already existing Olympic venues are already under way to stimulate the excitement about London 2012 amongst the target segments that are young people from diverse racial and social segments in the

History the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

History the world - Essay Example These practices ranged from dialect to the mode of dressing where the men used to wear kikoi whereas women cotton lesos or buibuis, which covered their bodies even their head (Laska 63). Primarily, this characterized the mode of dressing commonly preferred by Arabs and Indian women, which is evident at the coast at the present (Luis). Besides, the mingling of Arabs, Persians, Indians and later Portuguese, this led to the emergence of a unique language (Kiswahili), which is particularly rampant in the Eastern Africa. Since, it was the sole language used by the then traders and facilitated better understanding in their midst (Laska 63). Indian Ocean Exchange also led to the rise of diverse societal classes where the richest merchants ranked at the top (Luis). These merchants controlled the trade whereas the slaves assumed lowest rank in the society. Settlement of Arabs at the African coast influenced coastal dwellers to adopt Islamic religion where to the present Islamic has dominated the region. Swahili culture has also given birth to an additional ethnic group besides those inhabited the east African coastal region; mainly associated with Arabian origin commonly known Waswahili (Laska